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Public diplomacy involving journalists, artists, diplomats and other civil society members has not received adequate attention. But that is too simplistic. Most people think that Bangladesh’s independence/liberation movement was connected with language aspirations of the Bangladeshi people and one that was aided by the Indian military. Thandavam Video Song Oru Paadhi Kadhavu 1080 HD Full HD Play | Download1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58.
Indians were keen to highlight the plight of the refugees and ensure that they returned home safely. The East Pakistan crisis was a small part of this larger global war for supremacy.Public diplomacy was also used by Indira Gandhi to garner international support during the Bangladesh crisis. The article titled “Genocide” by Anthony Mascarenhas in The Sunday Times did singe-handedly bring the question of genocide into focus, but we still need to examine at length how public diplomacy created an impact in the minds of millions and led to many favouring the Bangladeshi cause.Also read: Indians should thank these three men for bringing 1971 Bangladesh ‘genocide’ to lightUse of public diplomacy during Bangladesh crisisPublic diplomacy and conventional diplomatic activity ran parallel to each other during the Cold War, and it was used by both the Russians and the Americans to further their vested interests. The war of secession is viewed as an attempt by the ethnic Bengalis, who felt mistreated at the hands of non-bengali Muslims in Pakistan, to create a separate homeland for themselves on India’s instigation.While these factors contributed to the events that led to the creation of Bangladesh, the role played by the civil society in the country’s freedom is less known.
Her visits to the Soviet Union and the United States are prime examples of her conviction to work for the benefit of the refugees. In any case, we cannot allow Pakistan to continue its holocaust, and thus convert its own problem into ours… Conditions must be created in their country for them to go back in safety and with dignity.”Indira Gandhi was able to muster the courage and help the refugees. On seeing the physical condition of the refugees and hearing their woes, she became determined to find a political solution.On her arrival at Raj Bhavan in Calcutta (now Kolkata) she declared firmly: “The world must know what is happening here and must do something about it. New Delhi was worried about not just the refugee population that was entering the country but also about the prospect of their melting into the population of eastern India and providing cannon fodder for the Maoists.Indira Gandhi decided to take a bold stand. It was known to the government of India that 82.3 per cent of the refugees were Hindus. By December 1971, an additional 2.67 million people entered Indian territory as refugees.
Fazreen Huda argues that Bangladesh used public diplomacy to influence world opinion in her favour to get more support. Public diplomacy was also effectively used by the East Pakistanis who were students in different universities abroad. Pakistan received US support also because the US wanted to use Pakistan to establish relations with the Chinese.The nascent Bangladeshi state was not far behind. The Americans took a contrarian view and Henry Kissinger “tilted” towards Pakistan in 1971 and consciously supported them.
They wanted to know about Bengali diplomats in the Pakistan embassy, about the whereabouts of our leaders, whether we had established any contact with them, whether we had a U.S. He said, “In the Indian embassy, we were treated like highly placed diplomats. Muhammad Yunus talks about the crucial role played by the Indian embassy as a facilitator and ally in Bangladesh’s struggle for independence.Muhammad Yunus wrote at length about the Indian Embassy in the United States role in the Bangladesh struggle. Connections to family, heritage and geography made it exceptionally difficult for them to remain with Pakistan. He also talks about the role played by Enayat Karim, the second-highest ranking diplomat in the embassy of Pakistan in the US who was instrumental in bringing the Bengalis together on the same platform by organising demonstrations against the Pakistani establishments.In this regard, it is necessary to remember that several Bengali diplomats faced tough challenges. He writes in his memoirs that he garnered support for the Bangladesh cause through an interview with a local TV channel in Tennessee in the US.
Her efforts yielded positive results as countries agreed to remain neutral during the crisis. Indira Gandhi toured the various capitals of the world to mobilise support. Films like ‘ Jebon Theke Neya ’ were instrumental in igniting the flames of patriotism in countless people.Also read: The liberation of Bangladesh — the Indian armed forces’ finest hourGreat Britain, East and West Germany, France, Russia, and Poland were sympathetic to the Bangladesh cause while Spain and Egypt continued to dilly-dally and never came out in total support. The ‘Concert for Bangladesh’ was an event organised by George Harrison and Ravi Shankar that made the outside world aware of the Bangladeshis overnight.
They were left with feelings of shame and empathy as more people felt concerned about the women and children affected during the crisis.The women were subjected to brutal rape and exploitation on a regular basis. Images showcasing malnourished children with no food available made people sit up and take note. Similarly, Oxfam, which was the first European NGO to aid humanitarian causes, provided relief and aid during the crisis in Bangladesh.The Time magazine covered the crisis sensitively with a cover story titled ‘ The Bloody Birth of Bangladesh ’, which showed a young boy holding a rifle with an intent ‘to do something for his motherland or die’. This organisation wanted to provide relief to the victims of the war. The explosion of radio and television made a significant difference because individuals now could learn about events across the world with unprecedented speed and accuracy.The international efforts to mobilise support for the cause received a major bonus when Action Bangladesh was created by young, international and active Britons. India led the struggle from the forefront and even provided material aid and training to the Bangladeshi Mukti Bahini.The ‘rise of transnational humanitarianism in the 1970s’ led to many changes in the thought process of individuals who now felt connected to the cause.
When questioned about the status of the war babies, the prime minister said, “Please send away the children who do not have their father’s identity. However, he also declared that “none of the babies who carry the blood of the Pakistanis will be allowed to remain in Bangladesh”.Nilima Ibrahim, a social worker and feminist author, recalls her meeting with Sheikh Mujibur, in her book titled Ami Birangona Bolchi. Then-Prime Minister Sheikh Mujibur Rahman repeatedly referred to these birangona (valiant) women as his “daughters”, and asked the nation to welcome them back into their communities and families.
Diplomatic channels were used in 1971 to send these babies to their new homes.The Bangladesh conflict has left an indelible impression on the hearts and minds of thousands of survivors who are constantly reminded of the trauma that they underwent during the course of the war. One notable example is Bonnie Cappuccino who adopted several babies. Besides, I do not want to keep those polluted blood in this country.” Different governments of the world helped in this process after people learnt about the war crimes.
Diplomatic tactics of negotiation were used by all parties to the conflict but it was public diplomacy that enabled individuals to look at the conflict in a more humane way. It occurred during the Cold War but was a harbinger of the world that came in its wake. The poet lamented the loss of a part of his motherland and the atrocities his men committed on helpless people.Today, the act of bringing an end to the 1971 Bangladesh crisis is remembered as India’s greatest strategic and diplomatic triumph. A cursory look at the literature on the subject serves as an eye-opener.Faiz Ahmed Faiz wrote in 1971 in his poem, “ Hum Ke Thehre Ajnabee” :“ Kab nazar mein aayegi baidaagh sabzey ki baharKhoon ke dhabbey dhulain gain kinti barsaatoon ke baad”(When will we see the unsullied green of spring?After how many monsoons will the stains of blood be washed?)These words continue to echo in our minds.
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